The isolation of T verrucosum pathogens from ruminants and h

The isolation of T. verrucosum pathogens from ruminants and humans in the current study does not indicate the occurrence of infection, but it still a potential risk factor or correlation to the infection and disease. Finally, veterinary services, and public health and environmental authorities must encourage the application of new biosecurity measures to overcome this zoonotic problem. Isolation of animals with active lesions, use of separate grooming equipment and feeding utensils, proper cleaning and disinfection of backyards, and placing of newly purchased animals in quarantine for up to 6 weeks may be considered as suitable biosecurity measures. The animal reservoir must be reduced using T. verrucosum vaccine, and applying preventive and hygienic measures.
Conclusion This study indicated a higher occurrence rate of T. verrucosum in cattle and humans in contact with mixed farming species. Rearing mixed ruminant species in the same backyard must be restricted as an important biosecurity measure. Tinea barbae caused by T. verrucosum predominated in the examined human cases.
Introduction Axillary osmidrosis refers to an offensive and unpleasant body odor from the axillary area. It is a very distressing issue impairing an individual\'s psychosocial well-being. Secretions from the dextromethorphan hydrobromide of the axillae are responsible for the malodor. Thus, several surgical techniques have been developed to remove the glands, but the results and complication rates vary. Microwave-based devices, approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration, have been developed to treat axillary hyperhidrosis by selectively heating the interface between the skin and underlying fat of the axilla. However, treatment of axillary osmidrosis using this technique has only been reported in one preliminary study.
Materials and methods
Results
Discussion There have been many reports showing good efficacy in sweat reduction using microwave-based devices. Hong et al demonstrated that 90.3% patients had HDSS score of 1 or 2 at the 12-month follow-up visit. Glaser et al conducted a randomized blinded sham-controlled trial and there was a significant difference regarding sweat reduction rate between the active treatment group (89%) and the sham group (54%). There is only one preliminary report evaluating the efficacy of microwave-based devices for axillary osmidrosis in Asians, which showed good efficacy (93.8%). Our study further demonstrates good efficacy for axillary hyperhidrosis and osmidrosis. At the visits 30 days and 90 days after treatment series, 100% and 85.7%, respectively, of patients had achieved the primary end point of odor reduction. The mean reduction in odor-10 scale was 61.8% at 90-day follow-up visit. Analysis of histological changes has further demonstrated that microwave energy reaches the interface of the deep dermis and subcutis. This results in destruction of the eccrine and apocrine glands without seriously damaging the surrounding tissue. Some clinical adverse events were compatible with histological findings (Table 3), such as numbness and nerve injury, hypotrichosis, and damage to hair follicles. Nerve injury was not found in some patients who experienced numbness, because the nerve could be destructed or not present in the histological section. No patient had clinically evident bruising at the 30-day follow-up visit, and thus microscopic hemorrhage may result from skin biopsy per se. Immunohistochemistry staining with CAM5.2 highlighted apocrine glands, providing a convenient way to evaluate the extent of sweat glands destruction. There are many treatments for axillary osmidrosis reported in the literature, such as conservative treatments (topical agents, botulinum toxin) and surgical treatments (subcutaneous shaving, tumescent liposuction with or without curettage, thoracic sympathectomy). Most of them are targeted at the axillary sweat glands. Surgical treatments have been proven to be definite and effective treatments while the effect of botulinum toxin was shown to be temporary and insignificant. Subcutaneous shaving is the procedure most commonly performed in our institution. Although different techniques have been proposed to reduce complications, such as hematoma, epidermal necrosis, and scarring, these complications are not uncommon. Furthermore, this technique was associated with more postoperative pain, longer operation time, shoulder range of motion limitation, and approximately 10-day postoperative downtime, which may interfere with daily activities. By contrast, we have shown that microwave-based device treatment has less postoperative pain, shorter recovery time, and minimal interference with daily activities. Patient satisfaction was also high (85.7%) and comparable with a previous study using subcutaneous shaving with a suction-assisted cartilage shaver.