• Two distinct mechanisms have been

  2022-08-12

  

  Two distinct mechanisms have been described for niacin’s macrophage-based actions [21,22]. First, niacin blocks recruitment of macrophages to atherosclerotic lesions. Second, niacin upregulates macrophage ABCA1 and ABCG1, transporters involved in reverse cholesterol transport. Upregulation of choles

• br Acknowledgments br Introduction Myelin one of the fundame

  2022-08-12

  

  Acknowledgments Introduction Myelin, one of the fundamental adaptations of vertebrates, is a multilamellar structure deriving from the spiral wrapping around the make film. of the plasma membrane of myelin forming glia, oligodendrocytes in the central nervous system and Schwann cells (SC) in t

• br Opportunities The ever expanding diabetes

  2022-08-12

  

  Opportunities The ever-expanding diabetes market is one of the driving forces for the development of new antidiabetes drugs. Diabetes mellitus influenced an estimated 371 million humans during 2012 worldwide, and this figure is projected to increase in every country. According to International Di

• GPR A a G protein coupled receptor

  2022-08-12

  

  GPR109A, a G-protein-coupled receptor located mainly on adipocyte cell membranes, has been identified as the molecular target for nicotinic tgf beta receptor inhibitor [[5], [6], [7]] and mediator of NEFA reduction [5]. As a mechanism of NEFA-lowering, it is recognized that activation of GPR109A le

• While NR upregulation in the spinal cord is known to

  2022-08-12

  

  While NR1 upregulation in the spinal cord is known to contribute to pathological pain [7], [22] and furthermore, NR1 expression in the spinal cord has been shown to be reduced by continuous administration of the GlyT1-inhibitor ALX5407 [23], little is known about possible expressional changes of NR1

• br Introduction Glycoproteins represent a staggeringly

  2022-08-12

  

  Introduction Glycoproteins represent a staggeringly small fraction of proteins analyzed by high-resolution techniques despite high concentrations at the cell surface and critical roles in many human diseases. Though one-half or more of all human proteins are predicted to contain a carbohydrate ch

• Entry into CNS is tightly regulated by highly dynamic

  2022-08-12

  

  Entry into CNS is tightly regulated by highly dynamic barriers, namely, the BBB, the blood-CSF barrier, and the arachnoid epithelium (Abbott et al., 2010; Yasuda et al., 2013). Similar barriers also exist within the CNS including the ependymal barrier as well as the cellular membrane barriers of the

• These differences have led to the recognition that

  2022-08-12

  

  These differences have led to the recognition that the extent to which transport contributes to shaping postsynaptic signals likely reflects a balance between the density of transporters and the amount of l-glutamate in the synaptic cleft. Consequently, those synapses exhibiting the characteristics

• Tight junctions regulate the transfer

  2022-08-12

  

  Tight junctions regulate the transfer of ions as well as small molecules across endothelial barriers (Li et al., 2015). We also investigated whether resistin affects tight junctions, which play an important role in the conformation of polarized endothelial barriers (Matsuzaki et al., 2010). A previo

• In the small intestine digestion and absorption

  2022-08-12

  

  In the small intestine, digestion and entacapone of the nutrients are the next processes with an impact on the resulting plasma profile. Normally, neither carbohydrate digestion nor absorption are limiting factors, which is illustrated by the rapid and extensive absorption of glucose in conditions

• Besides the described effects on gross locomotor

  2022-08-12

  

  Besides the described effects on gross locomotor function, impairment of visuo-motor coordination and fine-motor skills like resting tremors, bradykinesia and rigidity were also investigated, reflecting on the symptomatology of Parkinson's disease in humans (Inzelberg et al., 2008). Preclinically, t

• Ghrelin is a brain gut peptide hormone

  2022-08-12

  

  Ghrelin is a brain-gut peptide hormone secreted from the stomach to stimulate food intake by acting on its receptor, growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHSR). GHSR is expressed throughout the brain and in NPY/AgRP neurons in the ARC (Cowley et al., 2003, Willesen et al., 1999). Ghrelin-expressing

• Introduction G quadruplexes are therapeutically important no

  2022-08-12

  

  Introduction G-quadruplexes are therapeutically important non-canonical nucleic 14520 milliliters to liters structures that are formed by a planar assembly of four guanines, termed G-tetrads (Fig. 1), in the guanine rich regions of genome [[1], [2], [3]]. As it is getting increasingly established,

• The typical pharmacophore for GPR

  2022-08-11

  

  The typical pharmacophore for GPR40 agonists contains four parts: head (acid moiety), central (phenyl ring), linker and tail (aromatic carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring) [20]. On the other hand, the chemical features that are required for the PPARγ agonists include hydrogen bond donors and acceptors

• One of the main mechanisms enabling

  2022-08-11

  

  One of the main mechanisms enabling recycling of intracellular redox-active iron is lysosomal degradation of ferritin in the process of autophagy, often referred to as ‘ferritinophagy’ [128]. Autophagy was suggested to contribute to ferroptotic cell death by promoting the degradation of iron storage

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