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    • br Results Table shows the characteristics

    2018-10-26


    Results Table 1 shows the characteristics of the study participants by gender. Occupational position differed significantly by gender. Compared to women, men were more likely to be manual/service workers and professionals/managers, and were less likely to be clerks and associate-professionals. Men were also much less likely to work part-time compared to women, and were more likely to have a higher degree than women. Half of women were in the lowest tertile of household income, compared with a little over a quarter of men. Poor psychological health was more prevalent in women than in men at 29% compared with 22% respectively. Women reported lower job control more than men, with over 45% of women reporting low job control compared with a little over a quarter of men. High effort–reward imbalance was slightly more prevalent among women (34%) compared to men (32%). The prevalence of poor psychological health in relation to participants׳ occupational position is presented graphically in Fig. 1. For women, poor psychological health was more prevalent among professionals/managers compared with other occupations, but there was no significant difference in the prevalence of psychological health for men according to their occupational position. A significant linear trend in poor psychological health across occupational position was found in women (p<0.001), but not in men. Table 2 shows the prevalence of psychosocial work characteristics by occupational position in men and women. In both genders, there was a clear occupational gradient in low job control with greatest prevalence amongst those in manual or service occupations (p<0.001 for linear trend in both men and women). In every occupational group, more women had lower job control than men. Similar to the relationship between occupational position and psychological health, the prevalence of effort–reward imbalance increased from manual/service workers to professionals/managers in women. On the other hand, the prevalence of high effort–reward imbalance was similar across occupational groups in men. The linear trend in this adiponectin receptor association was significant in women (p<0.001), but not in men. Table 3 shows the results of multiple logistic regression models in men. Occupational position was not significantly associated with psychological health in men (Model 1). Once differences in household income and education were accounted for in the model, associate professionals/clerks and professionals/managers became slightly more likely than those in manual/service occupations to report poor psychological health; however, selectively permeable only reached statistical significance for the associate professionals/clerks (OR=1.17, 95% CI=1.00–1.37), and the overall association between occupation and psychologic health was not statistically significant. When we additionally entered job control in the model (Model 3), both professionals/managers (OR=1.35, 95% CI=1.14–1.60) and associate professionals/clerks (OR=1.33, 95% CI=1.14–1.56) were significantly more likely than manual/service workers to have poor psychological health. The overall association between occupational position and poor psychological health became statistically significant. On the other hand, the adjustment for effort–reward imbalance diminished the association between occupational position and psychological health (Model 4). Low job control and high effort–reward imbalance both had a positive independent association with poor psychological health over and above occupational position and co-variates (OR=1.80, 95% CI=1.58–2.04; OR=4.22, 95% CI=3.74–4.75, respectively). Table 4 shows multiple logistic regression models for women. The overall association between occupational position and poor psychological health was significant in all models at a 0.05 level. In women, professionals/managers were significantly more likely than manual/service workers to report poor psychological health (Model 1: OR=1.70, 95% CI=1.31–2.19). This significant association remained after adjusted for household income and education (Model 2). As with men, women in professional/managerial occupations became more likely to have poor psychological health than women in manual/service occupations, once job control was taken into account (Model 3: OR=2.06, 95% CI=1.56–2.74). However, the higher likelihood of poor psychological health amongst professionals and managers compared with manual and service workers was attenuated when effort–reward imbalance was added to the model (Model 4). As with men, low job control and high effort–reward imbalance had a positive independent association with poor psychological health in women (OR=1.49, 95% CI=1.21–1.82; OR=3.65, 95% CI=2.98–4.46, respectively).