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Autophagy and apoptosis have a very complex relationship and
2024-10-22
Autophagy and apoptosis have a very complex relationship, and the precise mechanism remains to be determined. At present, a large amount of research has confirmed that autophagy can protect the cell from apoptosis in special conditions such as nutrient deficiency or growth factors deprivation; the e
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br Physiology of the apelin pathway
2024-10-22
Physiology of the apelin pathway Role of apelin in heart disease Both apelin and apelin receptor null mice manifested moderate reduction in cardiac contractile function under basal conditions and their exercise capacity was markedly reduced (Table 1) [56]. Apelin has direct effects on the prop
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br Conclusion br Introduction Breast cancer is
2024-10-22
Conclusion Introduction Breast cancer is the most common cancer and second leading cause of cancer-related deaths in women [1,2]. There were about 1.7 million new cases of breast cancer worldwide in 2012 [3], and the number of new cases of female breast cancer is expected to increase to 3.2 mi
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NKY 80 receptor As noted above yeasts particularly S cerevis
2024-10-22
As noted above, yeasts, particularly S. cerevisiae (Frey and Röhm 1978; Trumbly and Bradley 1983), produce APs, but these are intracellular enzymes located in the vacuolar compartment, with the exception of aminopeptidase II. About 40% of aminopeptidase II activity is detected as external enzyme, li
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ITSA1 synthesis Cancer stem cells CSCs may have
2024-10-22
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) may have been first identified in teratocarcinomas [11], [12], with its initial clues date back to the 19th century [13]. Kleinsmith and Pierce [12] established the immortal pluripotent teratocarcinoma lines from a single transplanted multi-potent malignant cell, strongly su
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In summary the different types of
2024-10-22
In summary, the different types of interstitial cells found in the current study are illustrated in Fig. 7A (see legend for further details), which is suggestive of a heterogeneous complex network of interstitial cells communicating with each other. The possible signaling pathways involving this int
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The anorexic effect observed when AR
2024-10-22
The anorexic effect observed when AR231630 is infused into the VTA could be the result of the DA release inhibition, as previously described [11]. However, there is also a hedonic aspect in feeding that possibly involves dopaminergic mechanisms of reward. Helm et al. showed a functional link between
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The cytoplasmic domain of muscle AChR is not accessible to
2024-10-22
The cytoplasmic domain of muscle AChR is not accessible to hinokitiol in vivo. Theoretically, therapy with the cytoplasmic domains should be safe. Safety is demonstrated by the facts that: (1) rats repeatedly immunized with the cytoplasmic domains in TiterMax adjuvant do not develop EAMG, although
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The pathogenesis of d penicillamine induced MG is not
2024-10-22
The pathogenesis of d-penicillamine-induced MG is not clear. The repertoire of anti-AChR ixabepilone in d-penicillamine-induced MG has been shown to be similar to that in idiopathic MG in terms of AChR antigenic regions, suggesting a common immune mechanism (Tzartos et al., 1988). About 20% of d-p
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Patients with AAG often respond to intravenous
2024-10-22
Patients with AAG often respond to intravenous immunoglobulin or plasma exchange. If these therapies are inadequate, ongoing immune suppression with steroids, azathioprine, mycophenylate or rituximab have been shown to be effective in case reports. Our patient seemed initially resistant to steroid t
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The reductase family is composed of three known
2024-10-21
The 5α-reductase family is composed of three known isozymes, with the types I and II being the most known. Type I isozyme, which is the dominant form, can be found in the skin, liver, kidney, brain and lung. Furthermore, it has been evidenced that type I activity is several times higher in PC than i
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jtc motors br Autophagy in cancer br Phytochemicals as a val
2024-10-21
Autophagy in cancer Phytochemicals as a valuable source of autophagy modulation agents Epidemiological studies demonstrated that there is a strong association between diet and human cancer mortality so that daily consumption of phytochemicals declines the incidence of different types of cancer
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As in humans and other mammalians spontaneous
2024-10-21
As in humans and other mammalians spontaneous activity of sinoatrial pacemaker taq polymerase pcr in in the zebrafish heart crucially depends on proper HCN4 channel activity (If) and spontaneous diastolic depolarization [15,81]. Whether Na+/K+-ATPase currents regulate next to phase of myocardial rep
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In glucose stimulated pancreatic cells B Raf
2024-10-21
In glucose-stimulated pancreatic β-cells, B-Raf activity is increased, while Raf-1 activity is under the detection limit (Duan and Cobb, 2010). Thus, B-Raf is the primary protein kinase involved in the rapid activation of ERK1/2 in glucose-treated pancreatic β-cells. Expression of a dominant-negativ
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ALW-II-41-27 The renin angiotensin system RAS is a hormonal
2024-10-21
The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is a hormonal system which plays a role in the regulation of blood pressure and body fluid ALW-II-41-27 [14]. The main bioactive peptide of RAS is angiotensin II (Ang II) whose biological functions are interposed through angiotensin type 1 receptor (AT1R) and angi